African Americans and the Progressive Era

The Progressive Era spanned the years from 1890–1920 when the United States was experiencing rapid growth. Immigrants from eastern and southern Europe arrived in droves. Cities were overcrowded, and those living in poverty suffered greatly. Politicians in the major cities controlled their power through various political machines. Companies were creating monopolies and controlling many of the nation’s finances. The Progressive Movement A concern emerged from many Americans who believed that great change was needed in society to protect everyday people. As a result, the concept of reform took place in society. Reformers such as social workers, journalists, educators, and even politicians  emerged to change society. This was known as the Progressive Movement. One issue was consistently ignored: the plight of African Americans in the United States. African Americans were faced with consistent racism in the form of segregation in public spaces and disenfranchisement from the political process. Access to quality healthcare, education, and housing was scarce, and lynchings were rampant in the South.   To counter these injustices, African American reformists also emerged to expose and then fight for equal rights in the United States. African American Reformers of the Progressive Era Booker T. Washington was an  educator who established the Tuskegee Institute. Washington argued that African Americans should learn trades that would offer them the opportunity to be progressive citizens. Instead of fighting against discrimination, Washington argued that African Americans should use their education and knowledge to become self-sufficient in American society and not in competition with white Americans.W.E.B Du Bois was the founder of the  Niagara Movement and later the NAACP, Du Bois disagreed with Washington. He argued that African Americans should consistently fight for racial equality.Ida B. Wells  was  a journalist who wrote about the horrors of lynching in the South. Wells work made her a muckraker, one of several white and black journalists who wrote news stories about social, political, and economic conditions that led to changes. Wells reporting led to the development of the Anti-Lynching Campaign.   Organizations National Association of Colored Women was established in 1896 by a group of middle-class African American women. The goal of the NACW was to develop the economic, moral, religious and social welfare of women and children. The NACW also worked to end social and racial inequality.Niagara Movement was developed  in 1905 by William Monroe Trotter and W. E. B. Du Bois. Trotter and DuBois mission was to develop an aggressive way of fighting racial inequality.National Association for the Advancement of Colored People was an outgrowth of the Niagara Movement and was established in 1909. Since then the organization has been essential to fighting social and racial inequality through legislation, court cases, and protests.National Urban League  was  established in 1910, this organizations mission was to end racial discrimination and provide economic empowerment to African Americans who migrated from southern rural areas to northern cities through the Great Migration. Womens Suffrage One of the major initiatives of the Progressive Era was the womens suffrage movement. However, many organizations that were established to fight for the voting rights of women either marginalized or ignored African American women. As a result, African American women such as Mary Church Terrell became dedicated to organizing women on the local and national level to fight for equal rights in society. The work of white suffrage organizations along with African American womens organizations ultimately led to the passing of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920, which granted women the right to vote. African American  Newspapers While mainstream newspapers during the Progressive Era focused on the horrors of urban blight and political corruption, lynching and the effects of Jim Crow laws were largely ignored. African-Americans began publishing daily and weekly newspapers such as the Chicago Defender, Amsterdam News,​ and the Pittsburgh Courier to expose the local and national injustices of African Americans. Known as the Black Press, journalists such as William Monroe Trotter, James Weldon Johnson, and Ida B. Wells all wrote about lynching and segregation as well as the importance of becoming socially and politically active. Monthly publications such as The Crisis, the official magazine of the NAACP and Opportunity, published by the National Urban League became necessary to spread the news about the positive achievements of African Americans as well. Effects of African American Initiatives During the Progressive Era Although the African American fight to end discrimination did not lead to immediate changes in legislation, several changes did take place that impacted African Americans. Organizations such as the Niagara Movement, NACW, NAACP, NUL all resulted in building stronger African-American communities by providing healthcare, housing, and educational services. The reporting of lynching and other acts of terror in African American newspapers ultimately led to mainstream newspapers publishing articles and editorials on this issue, making it a national initiative. Lastly, the work of Washington, Du Bois, Wells, Terrell, and countless others ultimately led to the protests of the Civil Rights Movement sixty years later. Resources and Further Reading Diner, Steven J. A Very Different Age: Americans of the Progressive Era. New York: Hill and Wang, 1998.Frankel, Noralee and Nancy S. Dye (eds.) Gender, Class, Race, and Reform in the Progressive Era. Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky, 1991.Franklin, Jimmie. Blacks and the Progressive Movement: Emergence of a New Synthesis. OAH Magazine of History 13.3 (1999): 20–23. Print.McGerr, Michael E. A Fierce Discontent: The Rise and Fall of the Progressive Movement in America, 1870–1920. Oxford: Oxford University PressStovall, Mary E. The Chicago Defender in the Progressive Era. Illinois Historical Journal 83.3 (1990): 159–72. Print.Stromqvist, Sheldon. Reinventing The People: The Progressive Movement, the Class Problem, and the Origins of Modern Liberalism. Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2005.

Class Matters - 1164 Words

Date: December 15, 2009 To: Anne Stafford From: Justin Brooks Re: Memo of transmittal To be completely honest, writing this essay was easier for me because as I read the first two chapters, I had already known what I wanted to write about and how I wanted to write it. Reading this book and writing this essay has taught me about the importance of a college degree and how important social class can be to people. Justin Brooks 12/15/2009 ENGL. 100 CLASS MATTERS Class Matters, by correspondents of The New York Times, is a book about the importance of the classroom and how it can relate to your success in the world. Success to most people is the American dream. To have the cars, clothes, jewelry, house, job and family, basically†¦show more content†¦This book, if you think about it, is very helpful and informing because everyone and anyone who reads this book can relate to it. This book can help change life’s that are heading in the wrong direction and help people that have bad habits over stressing about small situations, by simply observing the graphs that are given in the book and trying to do better with their situation. This book sums up the way we look at life today, the upper class citizens have a long and easy life, while the lower class citizens have a tough and not so long life. Growing up, we are all told to go to college and get a degree. This is simply because of the power and value a college degree holds. Having a college degree is a ticket that can help you get any kind of job you want. In Class Matters, there are people with different thoughts about a college degree. â€Å"The aluminum factory could get him into middle-class security quicker than a bachelors degree could† (Egan, Timothy 108). This was quoted from a man in the book named Mark McClellan, a pest controller. He feels that he doesn’t need a degree because he can just work for the same amount of money that a degree can help you get. He might be right but without a college degree you will be limited to what kind of jobs you can get, if any will hire you at all. With a college degree, â€Å"The world is yours,† you can get any job you want. A degree seems like it is nothing but a piece of paperShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Class Matters By Bill Keller757 Words   |  4 Pag esIn Class Matters, Bill Keller examines the meaning of the word class and how it plays on the life of the US citizens.According to Class Matters, a class is represented as four cards, one from each suit: education, income, occupation, and wealth. Based on your cards you are put into a class. Most people end up with the same cards as their parents. Keller explains how a class can be predetermined by a person’s upbringing or how they were raised. In this book, Bill Keller suggests that it is quiteRead MoreWhere We Stand : Class Matters Essay1784 Words   |  8 PagesThe issue of class is a predominant topic in the world’s social discourse because in every society, there must be the rich and the poor. It is estimated that in this country, there are 38 million people living in absolute poverty. This has created a very huge disparity in the manner in which people live in the society; their lifestyles and general well being. To compound the situation further, the general norm regarding class is that the rich often get richer as days go by while the poor consistentlyRead MoreEssay about Book Review on â€Å"Where We Stand: Class Matters†1490 Words   |  6 Pages Yukimi Ouchi January 7, 2013 Book Review on â€Å"Where We Stand: Class Matters† In her book Where We Stand: Class Matters, Bell Hooks address the issues of classism interlocking with racism, white supremacist ideology and sexism in contemporary American culture. Her arguments in this book are greatly tied to her personal experience that she moved up from working class to the upper class as she succeeds in academic life and writing many books. Through thisRead MoreClass Size Matters!789 Words   |  4 Pageswith their teacher. Are they able to ask questions or is the class simply hurried along because so much needs to be covered and there isn’t nearly enough time to stop for every question? A big factor in creating an adequate learning environment is maintaining small class sizes. Class size has been a continuing problem in LAUSD in recent years due to budget cuts, but should the students suffer because of lack of funds? Providing a small class ensures that students will have the opportunity to learnRead MoreDoes Class Size Actually Matter? Essay1610 Words   |  7 PagesRenà © Castellanos English IV Rough Draft 14 October 2016 Does Class Size Actually Matter? It is pretty apparent that in America, and elsewhere, most parents and general adults want what is best for their children in terms of education. This mindset can be seen reflected in the legislative aspects of our education system; there are many incentives pushing through the school boards and legislatures of our nation in order to attempt to further refine the education system. This is important as itRead MoreWhere We Stand : Class Matters2097 Words   |  9 Pagespaper, I will examine the three locomotive aspects of globalization and argue that they this locomotion is not mutually beneficial for all parties therein. By using the analytical framework developed by bell hooks in her anthology â€Å"Where We Stand: Class matters† to prove a â€Å"feminization of poverty† occurs in the United States, I argue that there is a racialization of poverty occurring on a global scale. In order to correctly examine the contemporary phenomena of globalization, it is imperative thatRead MoreEssay about Daniel Millers Material Cultures: Why Some Things Matter3416 Words   |  14 PagesIn the introduction to Material Cultures: Why Some Things Matter, Daniel Miller describes the book as part of the second stage of the development of material culture studies. The first stage was the recognition by writers such as Appadurai and Bourdieu as well as Miller that material culture is important and worthy of study. The second stage is the argument made in this book: that it is crucial to focus on the diversity of material worlds without reducing these material worlds to symbols for realRead MoreChemistry Is Essential For An Average Individual2001 Words   |  9 PagesChemistry is a branch of physical science that studies the arrangement, structure, and change of matter. As a student interested in nursing, it is required to take the course of chemistry among many other pre re quisite courses. When reviewing the course syllabus I thought to myself, â€Å"What is this stuff, and when am I going to ever use it in Nursing?† Also to all incoming non-science majors who are required to take chemistry, this course may be the last course you would even think about taking. BelieveRead MoreEssay about The Theory of Dark Flow847 Words   |  4 Pagesappears to be occurring in distant galaxies, however observations have concluding our galaxy is too being pulled away in a specific direction. This highlights the essentiality of more research being conducted upon this unexplained force. Good Morning class, today my chosen topic is the term dark flow. 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Adult Learning Theory on Healthcare Organizations Free Essays

Healthcare organizations need regular updates on their instructional designs on their employees and staff. This instructional designs or curriculums are much needed to inform the manpower of the organization on recent developments on technologies and applications on cases and situations, new regulations needed to be implemented or any other pertinent information for the organization’s and its staff’s needs to know. However, the method of educating the staff, whom majority are already on their adult stage, should be effective for them, and for the company. We will write a custom essay sample on Adult Learning Theory on Healthcare Organizations or any similar topic only for you Order Now One applicable theory on educating the adult is Malcolm Knowles’ theory of andragogy. Â  It outlines effective methodologies for adult learning. On his theory, adults need to know why they should learn. On this case, the educator or administrator of the organization should make it a point that the staff understood the importance of the new information they should learn. Moreover, adults tend to ask when and where they will be able to use their new learning on real-life situations. Again, the educator should explain that the series of discussions to be made is for their self-improvement inside the organization towards the company’s goal and vision. Finally, adult learners should be well motivated on their new experience and learning. Incentives such as increased, self-esteem, job satisfaction and quality of life are significant in giving adults a basis to learn. Â  The various methodologies on adult learning and adult education are important for every educator. They should be also be knowledgeable on different approaches and techniques on educating an adult. Knowles’ theory is imperative for an educator developing an educational program so that we can address the consistent growing demands of adult education. Reference Holton, E. F., Swanson, D. A., Knowles, M. S. (2005). The Adult Learner. Butterworth-Heinemann How to cite Adult Learning Theory on Healthcare Organizations, Essays

Carper vs Carp free essay sample

These gifts are all from the same tree. And that tree can never be useful if it is not planted in the soil. Again, the importance of land is absolute. Now, that the significance of land is evident to all, what is the government’s action to preserve and maximize the use of its territorial asset? The Philippines Department of Agrarian Reform is the executive department of the Philippine Government responsible for all land reform programs in the country, with the purposed aim of promoting social justice and industrialization through massive taxation of rich and poor Filipinos alike. Their latest moves are the CARP or Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program and CARPER or the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program Extension with Reform. They are both made with the tendency to support the people who are involved in all land related usage or the Filipino citizen. However, there is a certain question hanging in the balance between these two government programs. That is: which is better? If the object at stake is the Philippine lands, of course, Filipinos will only want the best measure in any given option. The researchers aim to help clarify which is the better program between CARP and CARPER while considering all sides: advantages and disadvantages. By this comparative study the researchers hope that the agricultural committee would consider the pros and cons of each program and cooperate with each other to choose the better program for our country or simply just make a better program than the present ones. ? CONTENT A. Definition: CARP or Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program was laid down in the year 1988, to protect the agricultural workers in Philippines. It was signed by President Corazon C. Aquino on 10th June, 1988. It is aimed at helping the small and marginal farmers of Philippines by providing them easy access to land and other necessary inputs ( ). For a long period of time, the agrarian system of Philippines was being controlled by the large landlords. The small farmers in Philippines were struggling for their rights to land and other natural resources. It was observed that about two-point-nine (2. 9) million small farms occupied about half of the total arable land of Philippines, whereas the medium and large farms occupied about eleven percent (11. %) of the total farmland. The agrarian system in Philippines followed a feudalistic approach. The implementation of Agrarian reforms proceeded at a very slow pace. This was due to the lack of political will. The redistribution of land was also very slow. As a consequence, a large amount of agrarian land in Philippines was converted to industrial land (http://www. economywatch. com/agrarian/law/comprehensive. html). Even though CARP is designed t o enhance the agrarian industry, there are some reactions from farmers, organizations, and even students who noticed the drawbacks of the mentioned program. According to Pambansang Kilusan ng Mga Samahang Magsasaka (PAKISAMA), Inc. , â€Å"exemptions were made to large commercial farms, lands that were converted to other uses, and worse of all, provisions were made for non-redistributive methods such as leaseback arrangements and stock distribution options. It was a testament to the longevity of the same traditional interests that were able to e-assert not just a presence but an influence that was so palpable after the EDSA revolution. Still CARP was a departure from previous agrarian reform programs in that 1. All agricultural lands are covered, 2. it includes a program of support for program beneficiaries, 3. Retention limits for landowners were reduced to five hectares, 4. Provides provisions for landowner compensation and, 5. Beneficiaries are to pay back the land through amortization to the government/Land Bank of the Philippines. Under CARP, all landless farm workers were eligible to be considered as beneficiaries, provided they were landless and willing to farm the lands. The goal for CARP was to cover 8. 06 million ha under its land acquisition and distribution program. The Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR), which was set up by the Marcos regime under a separate piece of legislation as the lead agency for land reform, was deemed as the agency to implement CARP. The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) was placed in charge of the land acquisition and distribution for public alienable and disposable lands, as well as forested lands. Delays occurred because of the considerable resistance by landowners, lack of coordination among concerned agencies (including DENR, DAR, LGUs, and courts), and the legal challenges and hurdles posed by landlords. With the implementation of the program still incomplete in 1998, CARP was extended by 10 years to June 2008. † These are just some of the problems and/or issues regarding CARP. For these reasons, people demanded to have a new solution which will remove the problems of the recent program: CARPER. CARPER or the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program Extension with Reforms Law is the newest piece of legislation mandating the implementation of agrarian reform in the Philippines. Signed on 7 August 2009, the CARPER law (Republic Act. No 9700) provides for new funding to support land distribution for five years, for continued provision of support services, and introduces other reform clauses such as improved support for women beneficiaries. This briefing paper concentrates on the campaign that helped to bring the new law into force. It presents the challenges of forging a coalition and the different methods by which pressure was brought on the legislature by the Reform CARP movement (Carmina Flores-Obanil). ? B. Comparison The biggest difference of CARP and CARPER is stressed on the idea that CARPER pertains to more funding. Its description allows CARP to continue and only added a few notes on the side of beneficiaries. There are some considerations about both sides being better than the other. a. CARPER is better than CARP There is a side that favors CARPER over CARP. This fact should be considered and discussed on detail. First, it is one of the sharpened policies of CARPER that it is the relationship of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses and food security (http://landwatch. i. ph/blogs/landwatch/2009/08/10/pakisama-carper-is-better-carp/). Under the CARPER law, any conversion to avoid CARP coverage is a prohibited act. The word â€Å"any† makes the defense of good faith or ignorance of the law untenable. To avoid abuse and discrimination among those who are socially and financially unfortunate, the VLT or Voluntary Land Transfer is not allowed after the CARPER law takes effect which was July 1, 2009. The government shows its support on the agricultural industry by adding funds and making the farmers and tenants are the first priority beneficiaries which means that it will encourage more farmers and give them support in the technicalities of the law pertaining to land reforms. Another good thing is that it appeals to the female population with specified right to â€Å"receive a just share of the fruits thereof, and to be represented in advisory or appropriate decision-making bodies. These rights shall be independent of their male relatives and of their civil status†, as stated from the law. Deception is also avoided due to the part of the CARPER law that the land distribution should be actual and physical. Therefore, anyone can refuse if the offer entails that the transaction would be a non-distributed scheme. It may be a little different than the previous administration; however, it can still be used by landowners to secure their personal intentions and not for the improvement of the agricultural industry. If what Mr. Rafael Mariano said is true, then, we should be aware of the possible outcome it may cost us. Firstly, there will be less land to be used for agriculture. Meaning, there will be less farmers and less crops for our food supply and income. If the private lands will be used for commercial and industrial purposes, then it will be the start of the fall of our agrarian ndustry. Secondly, there is an issue on the budget management of the funds. We all know the reputation we have of our government and it is a little disturbing that they added funding to a program designed to fail as Mr. Mariano had said. Yes, the CARPER program has the capability to make our agrarian industry better but it will require ideals which are unexpected in our reality. Maybe it will be a little different n ow that we have a somewhat honest leader but the effect of his loyalty to the people is just gradually influencing the country. It cannot be a sudden phenomenon. The   program also requires some revisions to clarify the betterment of the land management and development of the project to secure the welfare of the farmers and tenants. ? CONCLUSION ? RECOMMENDATION The researchers would like to suggest the idea of another program which comprises the objectives of further developing the agrarian industry of the country. It may take a long time to compose a new program but if it is for the welfare of our food supply, why not take the time to consider all possibilities for a long term effect in the future. If ever it is decided to continue with the present program, then revisions are required to reach an agreeable result for the future. Every land reform program should be balanced with the interests of the landowners and farmers. It should also be based from the intention of maximizing the use of all available lands to enhance the status of one of the greatest blessings this country has: rich lands. Imagine if the Philippines is crowded with commercial businesses, and industrial plants and companies. The former crops covered with cement since the former farmers decided that they cannot make any decent income with what they’re doing so they switched to the working class where people wear suits, instead of long sleeves and sombreros, and work in air conditioned offices, instead of the dirt fields they used to have. And instead of relying to our own food supply, the government has to hold a diplomatic relationship between other neighboring Asian countries to maintain a contract for importing rice and other agricultural products just because our own country lack enough supply to feed its people. ? http://www.economywatch.com/agrarian/law/comprehensive.html http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12289467 http://www.economywatch.com/agrarian/law/comprehensive.html http://www.landaction.org/IMG/pdf/LRAN-8_Filipino_Agrarian_Reform.pdf http://www.pakisama.com/resources/research-papers/